Furthermore, whereas fortification of flours may replace B vitamins, other nutrients lost during processing are not replaced These observations underscore both the importance of the grain source of fiber and the potentially synergistic effect of constituents naturally found in whole grains Added bran, which was inversely related to weight gain in our study, has been purported to improve carbohydrate tolerance through antioxidant mechanisms 43 by reducing serum iron concentrations and increasing magnesium concentrations Although we did not separately examine the sources of bran on weight gain, most of the bran that was consumed in this population was derived from wheat and oats.
Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown a beneficial effect of wheat fiber in reducing the risk of diabetes 33 — 37 , but the findings for wheat bran supplementation on glycemic control have been mixed. In a recent crossover study, wheat bran did not influence glycemic control in diabetics 43 , although, in other feeding studies, wheat bran significantly improved glucose tolerance 45 , Whereas no effects were observed for the intake of supplemental germ, there may have been insufficient variation in intakes to detect any association.
Because many dietary factors may induce metabolic alterations within a relatively short latency period, we assessed changes in whole grains that were concurrent with weight gain This study design may limit the drawing of causal inferences. However, the consistency of our findings with those of prior studies and the likely effects induced by whole grains on weight gain lend credence to important causal relations.
Confounding also poses a challenge in the study of whole grains, as an increased consumption may be a marker for changes in other health behaviors. However, we adjusted the regression models for changes in several other lifestyle and dietary behaviors, including smoking, physical activity, and fat consumption with only a modest attenuation of the relation between whole grains and weight gain.
- how to lose weight with strength training and cardio;
- treatment for saggy skin after weight loss;
- does epsom salt help u lose weight;
- 13 Best Breakfast Cereals For Weight Loss.
- aimee hall floribama shore weight loss;
- weight loss balloon after gastric sleeve;
Because of measurement errors in assessing changes in diet, the observed associations are underestimations of the true effect estimates. After accounting for these errors, long-term weight gain was reduced by 1. Our findings suggest that the current FDA whole-grain health claim may not adequately capture all of the benefits of reduced body weight associated with whole-grain foods because added bran is excluded from the definition.
Further scientific data are needed to establish optimal whole-grain intakes for various health outcomes. Studies may also examine how particular types of grains and bran fibers may affect body weight regulation among diverse populations. The authors' contributions to this publication are as follows: design of the study, analysis of the data, and writing of the manuscript PK-B, DS, and SL ; database development and writing of the manuscript MF and LS ; writing of the manuscript DJ ; and securing the funding, collection and analysis of the data, design of the study, and writing of the manuscript WW and ER.
None of the authors had any personal or financial conflicts of interest to report.
How Many Calories in Kellogg's Fruit n Fibre
Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr ; 76 : — Google Scholar. CVD Prev ; 1 : — Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr ; 68 2 : — Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 78 5 : — Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr ; 73 : 61 — Liu S. Whole-grain foods, dietary fiber, and type 2 diabetes: searching for a kernel of truth.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 77 : — Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains: a challenge for consumers. J Nutr ; : S — 86S. Wholemeal versus wholegrain breads: proportion of whole or cracked grain and the glycaemic response. BMJ ; : — Lang R , Jebb SA. Who consumes whole grains and how much? Proc Nutr Soc ; 62 : — US Food and Drug Administration.
Editorial revisions: June and November Health Claim Notification for Wholegrain Foods. Code of Federal Regulations , Title 21 , volume 2 , revised as of 1 April HTML accessed 19 August Validity of self-reported waist and hip circumferences in men and women. Epidemiology ; 1 : — Comparison of self-reported and measured height and weight.
Embarking on a cereal diet? Here's the best cereals under calories
Am J Epidemiol ; : — Reproducibility and validity of an expanded self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire among male health professionals. Willett WC. Nutritional epidemiology. New York : Oxford University Press , Google Preview. Dietary intake of whole grains. Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire.
INTRODUCTION
Am J Clin Nutr ; 69 2 : — Reproducibility and validity of food intake measurements from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. J Am Diet Assoc ; 93 7 : — White H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity.
Econometrica ; 48 : — Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol ; 1 : 51 — Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. Am J Clin Nutr ; 75 5 : — Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Nutr ; 21 4 : — Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev ; 59 5 : — Porikos K , Hagamen S.
Is fiber satiating? Effects of a high fiber preload on subsequent food intake of normal-weight and obese young men. Appetite ; 7 2 : — Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Effect of dose and modification of viscous properties of oat gum on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load. Hallfrisch J , Behall KM. Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Res ; 3 6 : — Dietary fat, sugar, and fiber predict body fat content.
J Am Diet Assoc ; 94 6 : — Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of men. J Am Diet Assoc ; 96 8 : — Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA ; 16 : — Adams JF , Engstrom A. Helping consumers achieve recommended intakes of whole grain foods. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men.
Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Diabetes Care ; 20 4 : — Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr ; 71 4 : — Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women. Nutrition ; 19 3 : — International tables of glycemic index.
Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Dietary fiber and disease. JAMA ; : — Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes. Effect of wheat bran on glycemic control and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care ; 25 : — Pharmacologic doses of vitamin E improve insulin action in healthy subjects and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 57 : — Diverticular disease: three studies. Part III - Metabolic effect of bran in patients with diverticular disease. Br Med J ; 1 : — Glucose tolerance and blood lipids in bran-fed patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care ; 3 1 : 46 — Diabetic Med ; 22 : — This method is a straightforward extension of the methods detailed by Rosner et al 1 and Spiegelman et al 2. Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for measurement error: the case of multiple covariates measured with error. The regression calibration method for correcting measurement error bias in nutritional epidemiology.
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Navigation. Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men Pauline Koh-Banerjee , Pauline Koh-Banerjee. E-mail: pkohbane utmem.
Oxford Academic. Mary Franz. Laura Sampson.
Watch Next
Simin Liu. David R Jacobs, Jr. Donna Spiegelman. Walter Willett. Eric Rimm. Select Format Select format.